Yes. A person can still be charged with bigamy even if their second marriage is legally fake. The court explained that if they accepted the defendant's argument, the law against bigamy would be useless because no one could ever be prosecuted for it. The crime isn't about successfully creating a *legal* second marriage; the crime is the *act* of going through a second wedding ceremony while you know you're still married to someone else. The laws have to work together, and one law can't be used to cancel out another one.

Yes, you can still be charged with bigamy. When we look at laws, we have to consider how they work together and what they're trying to accomplish. If we said you can't commit bigamy because the second marriage isn't valid, then the law against bigamy wouldn't make any sense - it would be impossible to ever break it. Other courts have already figured this out and said that it's the act of trying to get married again that's the crime, not whether the second marriage is legally valid. As one court put it, if we agreed with the first judge, we'd basically be erasing the crime of bigamy from our law books, which isn't what the lawmakers intended. So we're saying that bigamy happens when someone who already has a spouse goes through a marriage ceremony with someone else. It doesn't matter if that second marriage counts legally or not - it's the attempt to get married again that breaks the law.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<opinion type="majority">
<author id="b513-36">
 SEVERSON, Justice.
 </author>

 [¶ 1.] The State charged Michael Clements with bigamy. The trial court dis
 
 *486
 
 missed the information against Clements, concluding that bigamy is legally impossible to commit in South Dakota. The State appeals the dismissal. We reverse and remand.
 

 BACKGROUND
 

 [¶2.] The facts in this case are undisputed. Michael Clements married Kristi Anderson in Ashley, North Dakota on December 6, 2009. Anderson filed for divorce from Clements on April 15, 2011. Before the divorce was finalized, on June 14, 2011, Clements and Alicia Bjerke applied for and were granted a marriage license in Brown County, South Dakota. On the same day, Clements and Bjerke participated in a marriage ceremony at the Brown County Clerk of Courts office. Both Clements and Bjerke consented to participate in the ceremony, and a solemnization of the ceremony occurred. The marriage license was filed with the Brown County Register of Deeds on June 15, 2011.
 

 [¶ 3.] On August 4, 2011, the State charged Clements with bigamy in violation of SDCL 22-22A-1. On November 10, 2011, Clements moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that the State failed to state a public offense. The trial court held a hearing on November 29, 2011. The trial court then granted the motion to dismiss via a memorandum decision, which was withdrawn on February 1, 2012, because of the trial court’s mistaken understanding that the parties had stipulated to the facts stated in the memorandum decision.
 

 [¶ 4.] The State filed an information on January 30, 2012, again charging Clements with bigamy in violation of SDCL 22-22A-1. Clements was arraigned on March 6, 2012, and pleaded not guilty to the charge of bigamy. Clements again moved to dismiss on March 6, 2012. A statement of stipulated facts was entered by both parties on March 14, 2012. The trial court again granted the motion to dismiss by memorandum decision on June 1, 2012 and filed findings of fact and conclusions of law in the case on August 20, 2012. The trial court filed an order granting the motion to dismiss on August 29, 2012, and an amended order granting the motion to dismiss on September 4, 2012, based on the failure to state a public offense in violation of SDCL 23A-8-2(5).
 

 [¶ 5.] The State appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in granting the motion to dismiss the information under SDCL 23A-8-2(5).
 

 STANDARD OF REVIEW
 

 [¶ 6.] The sufficiency of an indictment or information is a question of law, which we review de novo.
 
 State v. Fisher,
 
 2013 S.D. 23, ¶28, 828 N.W.2d 795, 803 (citing
 
 State v. Goodroad,
 
 521 N.W.2d 433, 434-36 (S.D.1994)). We review a trial court’s interpretation of a statute de novo because the interpretation of a statute is a question of law.
 
 Martinmaas v. Engelmann,
 
 2000 S.D. 85, ¶49, 612 N.W.2d 600, 611 (quoting
 
 Moss v. Guttormson,
 
 1996 S.D. 76, ¶ 10, 551 N.W.2d 14, 17).
 

 DISCUSSION
 

 [¶ 7.] SDCL 22-22A-1 prohibits bigamy and makes it a criminal offense. That statute provides:
 
<blockquote id="b514-15">
 Any person who, while married to another presently living person, marries any other person, is guilty of bigamy. The provisions of this section do not apply to:
 </blockquote>
<blockquote id="b514-16">
 (1) Any person, if that person’s husband or wife has been absent for five successive years and is not known to be living by such person;
 </blockquote>
<blockquote id="b514-17">
 (2) Any person, if that person’s husband or wife has absented himself
 
 *487
 
 or herself from such spouse by being outside the United States, continuously for at least five years;
 </blockquote>
<blockquote id="b515-4">
 (3) Any person, if that person’s marriage has been pronounced void, annulled, or dissolved by a competent court; or
 </blockquote>
<blockquote id="b515-5">
 (4) Any person, presently married, who believes, in good faith, and has reason to believe, that the marriage has been pronounced void, annulled, or dissolved by a competent court.
 </blockquote>
<blockquote id="b515-6">
 Bigamy is a Class 6 felony.
 </blockquote>

 SDCL 22-22A-1. A bigamous marriage is
 
 void ab initio,
 
 meaning that the marriage is “null and void from the beginning[.]” SDCL 25-1-8.
 <a class="footnote" href="#fn1" id="fn1_ref">
 1
 </a>
 The terms “marriage” or “marry” are not defined in South Dakota’s criminal statutes, but “marriage” is defined in SDCL Title 25, which addresses domestic relations. “Marriage is a personal relation, between a man and a woman, arising out of a civil contract to which the consent of parties capable of making it is necessary. Consent alone does not constitute a marriage; it must be followed by a solemnization.” SDCL 25-1-1.
 

 [¶ 8.] Clements argues that because a bigamous marriage is
 
 void ab ini-tio
 
 according to SDCL 25-1-8, he was never legally married the second time, and thus, it is legally impossible to prosecute him for bigamy. The trial court accepted this argument when it dismissed the information based on a failure to state a public offense. However, when we review statutes, we consider them in context. “ ‘Since statutes must be construed according to their intent, the intent must be determined from the statute as a whole, as well as enactments relating to the same subject.’ ”
 
 Martinmaas,
 
 2000 S.D. 85, ¶ 49, 612 N.W.2d at 611 (quoting
 
 Moss,
 
 1996 S.D. 76, ¶10, 551 N.W.2d at 17). “‘Where statutes appear to be contradictory, it is the duty of the court to reconcile them and to give effect, if possible, to all provisions under consideration, construing them together to make them harmonious and workable.’ ”
 
 In re Collins,
 
 85 S.D. 375, 382, 182 N.W.2d 335, 339 (1970) (quoting
 
 In re Heartland Consumers Power Dist.,
 
 85 S.D. 205, 221, 180 N.W.2d 398, 407 (1970)).
 
 See also N. Cent. Inv. Co. v. Vander Vorste,
 
 81 S.D. 340, 345, 135 N.W.2d 23, 27 (1965).
 

 [¶ 9.] Dismissing the information on the basis that bigamy is a legal impossibility nullifies the statute providing for criminal prosecution of bigamy. We construe statutes together to give legal effect to all of the provisions in the statutes.
 
 See In re Collins,
 
 85 S.D. at 382, 182 N.W.2d at 339. When presented with similar cases, other courts have determined that legal impossibility cannot be a defense to bigamy. “In other words, civil statutes rendering bigamous marriages
 
 void ab ini-tio
 
 do not exonerate defendants charged with bigamy[.]”
 
 United States v. Ali,
 
 557 F.3d 715, 721 (6th Cir.2009). In one such case, the Missouri Supreme Court held:
 
<blockquote id="b516-3">
 
 *488
 
 [I]t is the appearing to contract a second marriage and going through the ceremony which constitutes the crime of bigamy; otherwise it could never exist in ordinary cases, as a previous marriage always renders null and void a marriage that is celebrated afterward by either of the parties during the lifetime of the other.
 </blockquote>


 State v. Eden,
 
 350 Mo. 932, 169 S.W.2d 342, 345-46 (1943) (citation omitted). In another case, the North Carolina Supreme Court held that “[a] man takes a wife lawfully, when the contract is lawfully made. He takes a wife unlawfully, when the contract is unlawfully made — and this unlawful contract the law punishes.”
 
 State v. Patterson,
 
 24 N.C. (2 Ired.) 346, 356 (N.C.1842).
 

 [¶ 10.] In addition, the Kansas Supreme Court noted, “[a]doption of the rule pronounced by the trial court would effectively erase the crime of bigamy from our law, an unreasonable interpretation and one clearly contrary to the specific legislative intent.”
 
 State v. Fitzgerald,
 
 240 Kan. 187, 726 P.2d 1344, 1347 (1986). The court held that “when a person enters into a purported marriage contract or relationship at a time when the person already has a living spouse, the crime of bigamy has been committed.”
 
 Id.
 
 In order to give meaning and effect to the enactment of SDCL 22-22A-1, which criminalizes bigamy, we adopt the view of the Kansas Supreme Court that bigamy is committed “when a person enters into a purported marriage contract or relationship at a time when the person already has a living spouse[.]”
 
 Fitzgerald, 12ñ
 
 P.2d at 1347.
 

 CONCLUSION
 

 [¶ 11.] We reverse the trial court’s decision to dismiss the information against Clements, and we remand for further proceedings.
 
<judges id="b516-9">
 [¶ 12.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and KONENKAMP, ZINTER and WILBUR, Justices, concur.
 </judges>

<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote" id="fn1" label="1">
<a class="footnote" href="#fn1_ref">
 1
 </a>

 . SDCL 25-1-8 provides:
 
<blockquote id="b515-10">
 A subsequent marriage contracted by any person during the life of a former husband or wife of such person with any person other than such former husband or wife, is null and void from the beginning, unless the former marriage has been annulled or dissolved, or unless such former husband or wife was absent and not known to such person to be living for the space of five successive years immediately preceding such subsequent marriage, or was generally reputed and was believed by such person to be dead at the time such subsequent marriage was contracted, in either of which cases the subsequent marriage is valid until its nullity is adjudged by a competent tribunal.
 </blockquote>
</div></div></opinion>

No. A civil statute that declares a bigamous marriage void does not make it legally impossible to prosecute an individual for the crime of bigamy. The court reasoned that statutes must be construed as a whole to give effect to all provisions. Allowing the civil statute (SDCL 25-1-8), which voids bigamous marriages, to serve as a defense would effectively nullify the criminal statute (SDCL 22-22A-1) that prohibits bigamy—an unreasonable interpretation contrary to legislative intent. The court adopted the reasoning of other jurisdictions, holding that the crime of bigamy is committed by the act of entering into a purported second marriage ceremony while already having a living spouse. The offense lies in the unlawful act of going through the ceremony, not in the creation of a legally valid second marriage.

Yes. The Supreme Court of South Dakota reversed the trial court's decision, holding that bigamy can still be prosecuted even if the subsequent marriage is void ab initio. I emphasize that when we review statutes, we must consider them in context and determine intent from the statute as a whole, as well as enactments relating to the same subject. Dismissing the information on the basis that bigamy is a legal impossibility would nullify the statute providing for criminal prosecution of bigamy. We must construe statutes together to give legal effect to all provisions. Other courts have determined that legal impossibility cannot be a defense to bigamy, as civil statutes rendering bigamous marriages void ab initio do not exonerate defendants charged with bigamy. As the Missouri Supreme Court held, 'it is the appearing to contract a second marriage and going through the ceremony which constitutes the crime of bigamy.' Similarly, the Kansas Supreme Court noted that adopting the rule pronounced by the trial court would effectively erase the crime of bigamy from the law, which would be contrary to legislative intent. Therefore, we adopt the view that bigamy is committed 'when a person enters into a purported marriage contract or relationship at a time when the person already has a living spouse.' This interpretation aligns with the legislative intent to criminalize bigamy and ensures that the statute is not nullified by the void status of the second marriage.

State v. Clements

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